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Diffusion casings are usually provided on propeller and mixed flow pumps to convert into pressure the tangential component of the velocity of discharge from the impeller. A cone-shaped cover is usually installed over the locking nut to eliminate eddies and to prevent the entrance of sand or grit into the lower pump bearings. They are keyed to the drive shaft and are accurately positioned by a locking collar and nut. The blades are carefully cast and scraped to reduce skin friction. The propeller is balanced hydraulically and statically. With this arrangement the blade angle may be adjusted to suit the operating conditions.
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Sometimes, however, the blades are cast separately and may be threaded on their hub ends to receive a nut for the purpose of attaching them to the hub. The propellers are usually made of bronze and are cast in one piece. They are set on the shaft at angles determined according to the head and speed. Each blade of the propeller helps to impart a velocity in the direction of the shaft. Water is moved up by the lift of the propeller blades. A flared entrance below the propeller is used to cut down the entrance losses, and guide vanes above smooth out the disturbances caused by the propeller. The impeller, also known as the propeller, operates in a cylindrical casing which is an extension of the pump discharge column.
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They are usually limited to pumping heads of around 1 to 2.5 metres and are available in sizes ranging from 20 to 120 cm in diameter. Propeller pumps are not easily clogged by foreign materials and suspended sediments in water. This type of pump is particularly adapted to handling large volumes of water at comparatively low heads. The principle of operation is similar to that of a boat propeller, except that the impeller is enclosed in a housing.
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Propeller pumps are often referred to as axial flow pumps.
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